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Achtung! Bei diesem Dokument handelt es sich um die archivierte Version 6 vom 13.10.2020. Zur aktuellen Version 9 vom 04.07.2023
Aufgeklebte Notiz des Empfängers (am linken Rand) | 5rBrown m’a dit que le Goodenia littoralis de la Nouvelle Hollande a été décrit par Cavanilles (Sellière) de l’Amérique méridionale (la même espèce). Il y a de vrais Wintera à la Nouvelle Zéelande . Voyez Remarks page 57. | 5v [...]
| 6rAnswers to Baron A. Humboldt’s queries on Botanical Geography.
Anmerkung des Empfängers (innerhalb der Zeile) par Monsieur Brown
Number 1. I have no reason to believe that any species of Pinus is found in the Southern hemisphere.
– 2. The Araucaria of Brazil (no doubt the Pino of the inhabitants) of which we have seeds and specimens with young female aments, appears to be the same as that of Chili.
– 3. There are at least two species of Pinus
in India. Pinus
longifolia
of
Roxburgh
& Lambert,
and Pinus Deodwara
of Eine erste Edition der Flora Indica gab William Carey zwischen 1820 und 1824
heraus (Roxburgh/Carey/Wallich
1820–1824).
[Schließen]Roxburgh’s
unpublished flora indica, which is nearly allied to Pinus Cedrus.
Neither of them are known to grow within the tropic. Of Pinus longifolia. Roxburgh says that it is found among the mountains of Nepaul and on those north of the plains of Bengal, Oude &c. Pinus Deodwara is a native of the mountains North of Rohilcund.
– 4. I possess no correct information concerning the Pines of Thibet nor even of those of China except Pinus Massoniana of Lambert, of which
| 6vThere are specimens in Sir Joseph Banks’s Herbarium from Danes Island near Canton.
– 5.
Pinus occidentalis
is not
native of Jamaica. The only specimens in Sir Joseph
Banks’s Herbarium
are a branch without fructification from Doctor Swadtz
and two cones lately received from Hispaniola. Vgl. Humboldt an Brown, Paris, 18. April 1817:
„Le cône de Pinus occidentalis ressemble beaucoup à celui du Mexique, mais il me paroît bien singulier
que ce Pin ne se trouve pas sur les hautes montagnes de la Jamaïque, tandis qu’il est si commun à
l’Île des Pinos
au Sud de la Havane presque au niveau de la mer.“ British Library,
Correspondence and Papers of Robert Brown, Add MS 32440, fol.
144.
[Schließen]Of these I send one for your inspection begging it may be
return’d by Mister
Von Buch.
6. I have no means of answering this query there being no Japanese specimens of the genus Pinus here. It is however I think quite as likely that Thunberg may be mistaken as correct on this subject & it is not unlikely that Pinus Massoniana may be his Pinus sylvestris.
– 7. Doctor Roxburgh (in flora indica inedita) regards his Cactus indicus as distinct from Cactus cochinellifer and Cactus Opuntia and believes it (chiefly from information of its being very general, and from its having a native name) to be indigenous in India: of the probability of this I have no good means of judging. But it appears somewhat unfavourable to the opinion that there is no Sanscrit name for the plant.
In the same work Doctor Roxburgh has also a second species from China which he considers new and which
indeed both from his description and figure may very well be distinct from
Aufgeklebte Notiz des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
| 7vPlantes sociales
Monsieur Brown dans un célèbre mémoire sur les Protéacées Brown 1810, 23: „The celebrated traveller Humboldt
is the first who has expressly pointed out a remarkable
difference in the distribution of the species of plants. He
observes that, while the greater number grow irregularly
scattered and mixed with each other, there are some which form
considerable masses, or even extensive tracts, to the nearly
absolute exclusion of other species.“
[Schließen](Transactions of the Linnean
Society
Volume 10 Part I (1810) page 20 adopte mon idée des plantes
sociales et ajoute que celles que l’on trouve sous les
tropiques ne se trouvent
presque qu’à de grandes hauteurs ou sur les côtes. Protéacées sociales bloß Protea argentea et Protea mellifera (Afrika) und
Banksia speciosa (New Holland
).
Les Protéacées presque exclusives à l’hémisphère
austral surtout aux grandes îles (Nouvelle
Hollande
Nouvelle
Zéelande
), pas les
petites, pas à
Madagascar, moins
les Continens,
ceux de l’Amérique
ressemblans plus à celles de la
Nouvelle
Hollande
qu’à celles de l’Afrique.
Les plus grandes masses sous les 30–36°,
Anmerkung des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
Banksia integrifolia Seepflanze bis 40 latitudo
latitude Sud. Grevillea. Hakea. Banksia.
Persoonia.
À la Nouvelle
Hollande
plus au Sudouest qu’à l’est. Östlich mehr Amerika
, westlich mehr afrika
ähnlich. Gehen in Tropen bis
höchste Berge.
tournez
| 7rBrown bemerkt daß so wie ich Embothrium
emarginatum
(Oreocallis grandiflora
) bei Cuenca
so hoch gefunden, so auch er in Van
Diemen
Embothrium
bis Foot: Fuß (Großbritannien), 4.000 Foot entsprechen 1,22 km4000 englische Fuß hoch.
Nur 2 genera
gemeinschaftlich den Continenten, ein nördliches Genus Rhopala in
Amerika
,
Cochinchine
und
Malayisches Archipel. und
Embothrium
das südlichste genus Amerika
und
Neu Holland.
Lieben Seenähe, trokne sandige Klippen,
daher wohl selten Orinoco.
wenige Salzige Sümpfe von Embothrium
ferrugineum
Cavanilles.
Nach Brown in Amerika
2 ächte Embothria
nemlich Embothrium coccineum
Forster
tierra del fuego
und
Embothrium lanceolatum
Ruiz/Pavón 1798–1802, I, 62.
[Schließen]Flora
Peruviana
Concepcion de Chili
und
1
Oreocallis
nemlich: Oreocallis grandiflora (Embothrium
grandiflorum
Lamarck) ou Embothrium
emarginatum
Ruiz/Pavón 1798–1802, I, 62.
[Schließen]Flora
Peruviana in collibus frigidis
Tarmae
und 10 Species
Roupala
in Amerika
Roupala
montana, Roupala media,
Roupala nitida,
Roupala peruviana (Embothrium
monospermum
. Ruiz/Pávon, I, 63.
[Schließen]Flora
Peruviana) lezte in montibus
frigidis
Peruviae: in
Molukken
Roupala moluccana,
Roupala serrata: in Cochinchine
Roupala
cochinchinensis
.
| 8rCactus cochinellifer
and Cactus opuntia to
which it most nearly approaches. This plant it appears is now growing
in the Island of Saint Helena.
– 8. I know of no approach to American vegetation in the Azores. But we know very little of the Botany of these Islands. It is remarkable that Erica vulgaris should be a common plant on the hills of Saint Miguel.
– 9. On the subject of the taste of recent Tabasheer I may refer you to Doctor Russell’s paper in Philosophical Transactions volume 80. page 274 & seq. where he says that in a semifluid state it had a slight saline sub-astringent taste: that the residuum had a pretty strong saline taste with less astringency. The substance in a more inspissated state had a sharp salt taste which it loses in a great degree by keeping.
Tabasheer was produced in the Hothouse of Doctor Pitcairn in a solid state. The taste of this pebble is not mention’d.
– 10. I have no correct information to give on the subject of this query.
– 11. None of the plants mention’d in this query are known to me as natives of Northern India. In Mister Saunders’s Journal published in Philosophical Transactions | 8vvolume 79 and in the appendix to Turner’s Tibet many European plants are mention’d as natives of that country. Among these are Vaccinium Myrtillus and Vaccinium oxycoccos . Arbutus Uva-ursi and what is more remarkable still an Erica of which the specific name is not given but he can hardly have been mistaken in the genus.
– 12. Many European plants are noticed by Thunberg as natives of South Africa and of several of these, at least, there seems to be no reason to doubt. I have myself found at the Cape Samolus Valerandi and Corrigiola littoralis.
– 13. There appears to me no reason to doubt Rumph’s Quercus molucca’s from which the Linnean species so called was established, being really a Quercus. Altho’ Commerson has consider’d it as more probably a Laurus. In Sir Joseph Banks’s Herbarium there is more than one species of the genus from Sumatra, and one from Java.
– Humboldt vergibt die Nummer 13 in seinem
Fragenkatalog versehentlich doppelt. Brown führt die Zählung in seinen
Antworten allerdings lückenlos fort. Im Folgenden beziehen sich also
Browns Antwort 14 auf Humboldts Frage 13[b] („Plantes communes aux
tropiques...“), Browns Antwort
15 auf Humboldts Frage 14 usf.
[Schließen]14.
I entertain myself no doubt that there are many plants common to the
aequinoctial regions of both Continents: with respect to the plants
mention’d in your query Aufgeklebte Notiz des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
| 9r
Ausser Tierra del Fuego wo 33 englische
Pflanzen sind, ist es falsch dass
analoge Klimate gleiche Pflanzen hervorbringen, lies Ross
1847, II, 302: „The naturalist who first visited the
Fuegian shores felt probably only disappointment when recognising
the familiar genera and representative species of his European home:
he would naturally infer, with a corresponding diminution of
interest, that analogous latitudes produce an analogous vegetation
in opposite hemispheres. Experience has proved the fallacy of such a
conclusion; and accordingly the Flora of Fuegia claims an additional
and peculiar charm, in its being the only region south of the
tropics where the botany
of our temperate zone is, as it were, repeated to a very
considerable extent.“
[Schließen]Hooker
in Ross
Voyage
Tome II page 302. | 9v [...] | 10r
The specimens here are too imperfect to determine the point. but I
subjoin a list of those I consider the best ascertain’d.
Anmerkung des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
Plantes communes aux Régions
tropicales
de l’ancien et nouveau
Continent.
Acotyledones
Monocotyledones
- Milium punctatum Linnaeus
- Agrostis virginica Linnaeus
- Setaria glauca
- Cladium mariscus
Brown 1810a, 236.
[Schließen]Brown prodromus - Fuirena umbellata
- Eleocharis capitata
Brown 1810a, 225.
[Schließen]prodromus - Rhynchospora aurea
Brown 1810a, 230.
[Schließen]prodromus
Dicotyledones
- Avicennia tomentosa
- Herpestis Monniera = gratiola Monnieria
- Sphenoclea zeylanica
- Ipomoea Pes-caprae
- Scoparia dulcis
- Sonchus oleraceus
- Oxalis corniculata
- Cardiospermum halicacabum
- Suriana maritima
- Sophora tomentosa Anmerkung des Empfängers (am rechten Rand) Samolus Valerandi und Corrigiola littoralis (europäisch) fand Brown am Cap. MSS numero 12, auch Goodenia littoralis Neu Holland identisch mit südamerikanischer von Cavanilles beschrieben.
| 10v– 15. To answer this query it is necessary to go a little into the history of the two plants mention’d in it.
1st
Asplenium monanthemum. Linnaeus.
Linneus by whom the species was
established had his plant from
Promontorio
bonae spei and it is figur’d in Smith
1789–1791, Fasciculus III, 73.
[Schließen]
Smith’s
icones ineditae 73. This plant I have gather’d at the Cape
of Good Hope. The additional loci natales of „Insulae
Philipp.
Marian.
Peru & Nova
Hispania“ in Swartz
1806, 80.
[Schließen]Swadtz’s
synopsis
& Linné/Willdenow/Link 1797–1830, 322–323.
[Schließen]Willdenow’s
species
are first given by Cavanilles in his demonstrations
1801 page 258
on the authority of Nee’s
Herbarium and probably adopted by these authors without consideration.
In Herbario Banksiano there is no American species approaching to monanthemum. There is one however from the Sandwich Islands nearly related to it which may very likely be the plant of the Phillippine & Mariane Islands. The evidence of either this or of true monanthemum being American does not appear to me satisfactory.
2d
Aspidium punctulatum
Willdenow
species 5 page
220
is first established by Swartz
1806, 46; 245.
[Schließen]Swadtz in synopsis
filicum
probably from the Sierra Leone
plant which it appears he had from Afzelius,
though the specific name be taken from Plumier: Swartz
1806, 245.
[Schließen]loco
citato. I am inclin’d to think Swadtz
has no West India
specimen of his punctulatum & if so its being
American
will depend on the correctness of his reference. In my opinion a very slender foundation for identity of species in
that tribe or | 11r
section of Nephrodium to which it belongs.
–16. I have not yet looked into Strabo for Rhizophora Mangle.
–17. No Rosa I believe is known to exist in the Southern hemisphere. Nor is our other national genus. Carduus.
–18. I have nothing satisfactory to say on this subject.
–19. I have nothing to add to what I have formerly said on this subject in my General remarks &c.
–20. At present we know little or nothing of the vegetation of the Galapagoes.
–21. To this I have only to repeat what I have said respecting 19.
–22. In answer to this query I subjoin a list of plants common to the temperate and torrid zones of both hemispheres.
Acotyledones
- Roccella fuciformis
- Sticta
crocata }
Vgl. Acharius 1810, 115;
440; 447f.
[Schließen]Acharius lichenographia - Stereocaulon paschale | 11v
- Psilotum triquetrum
Monocotyledones
- Agrostis virginica
- Sporobolus indicus
- Milium punctatum
- Setaria glauca
- Scirpus maritimus
- Cladium mariscus Anmerkung des Empfängers (am rechten Rand) in Neu Zeeland (Nord Insel) Avicennia tomentosa wie bei Cumaná, Mexico und Guayaquil und West Afrika. Kunth Synopsis II 67 und in Neu Zeeland häufig Typha angustifolia von Europa, vielleicht auch Tacarigua Kunth Synopsis Kunth 1822–1825. I 132.
Dicotyledones
Anmerkung des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
Potentilla
anserina fast in der ganzen Welt Hooker,
J. D. 1840–1860, I.1.
[Schließen]Hooker pagina 264.
Schleiden nennt Gänseblumen
Bellis perennis
(Pflanze pagina 91) und 237und will auch sie sei überall.
Dubito.
Anmerkung des Empfängers
(am linken Rand)
Pflanzen die sich ersezen Hooker,
J. D. 1844–1860, I.1: „There are many instances of genera
having representatives in those three botanical regions [Südamerika,
Australien, Neuseeland, UP], the species being in general mutually
more related than to any others [...]. This similarity in some of
the botanical productions of countries, otherwise unlike in
vegetation, is far more remarkable than a total dissimilarity
between lands so far separated, or even than a positive specific
identity would be at first sight; because it argues the operation of
some agent far above our powers of comprehension, and far other from
what we commonly observe to affect geographical
distribution.“
[Schließen]Hooker
pagina 230.
- a) Pflanzen die gemein sind Neu Holland Deutschland und Nord America nach Brown also nördliche und südliche temperierte Zonen. Humboldt de distributione pagina 57. 63.
- b) Alles gemeinsame behandelt Humboldt 1817.
[Schließen]Ibidum pagina 53–67. - c) noch mein Manuskript und Hooker Montagne DeCaisne.
- d) in Neu Holland und Europa Prunella vulgaris, Lemna minor, Arundo phragmites Schleiden pagina 237 alles De distributione pagina 57.
- e) Nord Europa und Nord Amerika gemein de distributione pagina 55 im Ganzen 385 Species pagina 53.
- f) Unsere Typha angustifolia gewiss in Neu Zeeland Dieffenbach #. I pagina 426.
- 3) Gemeinschaftliche Gräser Europa und Neu Holland De distributione pagina 202.
- 4) Gentiana andicola Grisebach in Peru und Campbell Island .
- — Gentiana
prostrata
Cärnther Alpen, Cap de l’Espérance
,
Campbell Island
und Süd Chili
Hooker, J. D. 1844–1866, I.1.
[Schließen]Hooker pagina 56!! geht wie Trisetum subspicatum im North East über Andes von Pol zu Polarland Hooker 1844–1860, I.1.
[Schließen]Hooker pagina 230.
- 5) Drimys Winteri
von Neu Granada
bis Tierra del Fuego
in 68° latitudo
Hooker
1844–1866, I.1.
[Schließen]Hooker pagina 230. - 6) Viola cheirantifolia
vom Pic Tenerife
gehört den Pyrenäen
Relation
historique
octavo
Tome IV pagina 230.
Phleum alpinum
Schweiz und Magellanica
nach Brown
Humboldt
1816–1833, IV.
[Schließen]loco citato pagina 229.
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